Guru Basava, also known as Basavēśvara and Basavaṇṇa, was a 12th-century philosopher, visionary, social reformer, and statesman. He vehemently opposed the barriers of caste, creed, and gender, founding a society grounded in the principles of equality and fraternity. Guru Basava established institutions where people could gather to discuss religious, philosophical, and societal principles. He became a central figure in his society, recognised as the founder of a significant socio-religious movement and was held in high esteem by the community. His work laid the groundwork for modern social reformers. Although this charity is a non-political and non-religious organisation, it is essential to consider Guru Basava within the social and religious context of his time.
Guru Basava emerged as a profound leader of the masses, embodying the ideals of enlightenment not through renunciation, but by fully engaging in the world. As a minister and a devoted family man, he seamlessly integrated his spiritual journey with his roles in governance, family life, and service to society. His life was a living testament to the belief that one can achieve enlightenment while fulfilling worldly responsibilities. By walking this path, he not only transformed himself but also inspired countless others to follow his example, showing that true spirituality lies in balancing duty, devotion, and compassion for all.
The 12th century was marked by unrest, with invasions and religious tensions prevalent. During this period in Karnataka, a group of philosopher-saint-poets endeavoured to build an egalitarian community devoted to Lord Shiva. Guru Basava’s beliefs were a protest against the combined political and religious orthodoxies of the era, emerging from the Kannada-speaking regions of Southern India. The early history of this movement highlights how these new social orders, based on ritual equality, the sanctity of work, and universal ritual purity, attracted the attention of Hindu chieftains and kings. These rulers provided concrete support and royal patronage to thinkers like Guru Basava. Over the following generations, historical records indicate that these sects evolved into a broader social movement, aided by factors such as royal patronage, the saintly lives of sect founders, the spread of vernacular religious literature, the missionary zeal of its activists, and the enthusiasm of the lower castes for embracing a new way of life.
Guru Basava was born into an influential family and was widely respected by his community. Little is known about his early life, but it is likely he was raised to follow in his father’s footsteps as a scholar-priest and potential community leader. At some point, he rejected this privileged life, which was dependent on rituals and caste distinctions. Guru Basava later served as the Chief Minister in the kingdom of the Kalachuri dynasty, yet he maintained a simple life, closely connected with common people.
Guru Basava believed in, preached, and practiced modern humanitarian principles such as compassion, fraternity, and democracy. He introduced the concept of self-realisation through one’s occupation, profession, or duties. He did not advocate for meditation in seclusion or renunciation of household life, nor did he support begging as a method to support a spiritual life. Guru Basava’s teachings contributed to democratic ideals by promoting a casteless and classless society based on socio-religious and economic equality for all, including both men and women, dignity of labour, and freedom of expression.
Guru Basava emphasised the importance of self-purification, which challenged the dominance of priestly castes, and questioned the distinction between pure and impure work. By elevating the dignity of labour, he recognised the value of all forms of labour. Guru Basava condemned the caste system, the practice of animal sacrifice, and the oppression of women. He actively supported widow remarriage, opposed child marriages, and advocated for inter-caste marriages and communal dining.
Guru Basava’s teachings, known as Vachanas, were notable for being written in the local language, making them more accessible to the people than traditional Sanskrit texts. The collection and adoption of Vachanas and the practice of Iṣṭaliṅga Shivayoga (meditation technique) together constitute the Basava philosophy. This philosophy promotes key concepts of Kāyaka (ಕಾಯಕವೇ ಕೈಲಾಸ) (selfless work), dignity of labour, and proves how selfless work to society helps in the upliftment of the individual personality. More information about the Vachanas is available here.
A pivotal aspect of Guru Basava’s contributions to society was the establishment of the Anubhava Manatapa, a unique spiritual and philosophical assembly in the 12th century. This platform served as a forum for enlightened thinkers, including saints, poets, and scholars, and the general public to gather and engage in deep discussions on spiritual experiences and the essence of devotion. Guru Basava played a central role in this assembly, fostering an environment of inclusive dialogue that transcended caste and social barriers. The Anubhava Manatapa promoted the concept of experiential knowledge, encouraging individuals to share their personal insights and experiences of the divine. Through this initiative, Guru Basava not only championed the values of equality and mutual respect but also reinforced the idea that true spirituality lies in personal experience rather than ritualistic practices. His efforts in cultivating such a progressive space for dialogue significantly influenced the socio-religious landscape of Karnataka, paving the way for a more egalitarian society.
Guru Basava was a transformative leader who played a pivotal role in shaping the principles of human rights, equality, and inclusiveness. He was a pioneer in promoting multiculturalism and social justice, championing the cause of the underprivileged and advocating for their education and empowerment. By encouraging people to embrace the dignity of labour and contribute to the welfare of society, Guru Basava laid the groundwork for progressive social reform. His visionary ideas not only challenged the status quo but also inspired generations to work toward a more just and equitable society, making his influence enduring and profound.
The imaginary portrait of Guru Basava was drawn by Dr. V. T. Kale, a distinguished artist and educator. His artistic vision captured the essence of Guru Basava’s profound influence on society, even though no historical records or images of the spiritual leader exist. This portrayal, widely endorsed by the Government of Karnataka, has since become the most recognised visual representation of Guru Basava, revered in homes across Karnataka. Through his art, Dr. Kale’s contribution to Sharana philosophy and Karnataka’s cultural heritage has been celebrated and continues to inspire many.
Building on this recognition, Dr. V. T. Kale, born on 13th February 1934 in Hunagunda, has been acknowledged as a distinguished artist and revered educator, with his contributions to the art world shaping Karnataka’s cultural landscape for over four decades. His exceptional talent for drawing, first recognised during his school years in Gadag, served as the foundation for his acclaimed artistic journey. A degree from the prestigious Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai, was obtained, and his artistic brilliance was showcased not only in his creations but also through his role as a teacher, where generations of emerging artists were influenced and nurtured.
Further acknowledgement of his expertise was given through his role as an examiner for Karnataka’s Higher Arts Exams and his direction in the production of art textbooks, which significantly impacted the state’s art education system. Mastery of the medium was demonstrated in his sculptures for Sravana Belagola and the Revana Siddeshwara temple, which stand as lasting testaments to his skills. With a portfolio exceeding 50,000 artworks, vivid depictions of deities have been created by him, bringing spiritual and cultural meaning into homes throughout Karnataka.
For international tourists seeking a deep dive into India’s rich spiritual and cultural heritage, a visit to Guru Basava’s birthplace, Basavana Bagewadi in North Karnataka, is a must. Known as the cradle of Sharana philosophy, this serene town offers an immersive experience into the life and teachings of Guru Basava, a visionary leader and social reformer of the 12th century. Explore the historical sites where Guru Basava lived, worked as a minister, and transformed society through his revolutionary ideas on equality, spirituality, and community service. Surrounding this sacred region are stunning architectural marvels, ancient temples, and picturesque landscapes that provide a unique blend of spiritual enlightenment and cultural discovery. Ideal for vegetarian travellers and those seeking non-alcoholic experiences, this destination offers both heritage and tranquillity, making it perfect for history enthusiasts and spiritual seekers alike. Visit North Karnataka to walk in the footsteps of a philosopher-king who shaped India’s legacy.
Link to Glimpse of Guru Basava’s heritage – Explore North Karnataka, India [INSERT LINK HERE gbL1]
Link to Guru Basava – as seen by legends [INSERT LINK HERE gbL2]
Link to Guru Basava Darshana – Mr. Rudresh Kittur [INSERT LINK HERE gbL3]
Sahasrabudhe, M.V. “Mahatma Basavesvara – A Social Reformer.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 40, Indian History Congress, 1979, pp. 221-26.
